I’m testing here on my Nexus 5 and it does work. I made some slight alterations to your code for comfort:
<App Theme="Basic" Background="#333333ff">
<ClientPanel>
<Button Text="Back" Dock="Top">
<Clicked>
<GoBack TargetNode="Videos"/>
</Clicked>
</Button>
<NativeViewHost>
<WebView ux:Name="Videos" Url="https://www.youtube.com/channel/UCfSmFFIZsuPSHoiEVhnSkJA/videos">
<!-- No need for a linearnavigation here, the WebView is one -->
<OnBackButton>
<!-- No need for TargetNode here, containing the GoBack in a navigation (webview in this case) is enough -->
<GoBack />
</OnBackButton>
</WebView>
</NativeViewHost>
</ClientPanel>
</App>
I think your problem might be that youtube doesnt actually change its URL that often when you click on tabs and stuff, only when you actually go to a new page such as when you look at a video. Tapping a video and opening it and then hitting back works for me, for both UI button and device button.